集合操作

SQL 集合操作将多个查询块的结果结合成单个结果。 SQL 标准定义了以下三种集合操作：UNION、INTERSECT、EXCEPT、UNION ALL、INTERSECT ALL、EXCEPT ALL。

并集（Union）

将两个查询块的所有结果组合成单个结果，省略任何重复项。

获取 customers 和 users 表中的所有名称，不带重复。

PostgreSQL

MySQL

SQLite

import-pattern

builder-pattern

schema.ts

import { union } from 'drizzle-orm/pg-core'
import { users, customers } from './schema'

const allNamesForUserQuery = db.select({ name: users.name }).from(users);

const result = await union(
	allNamesForUserQuery,
	db.select({ name: customers.name }).from(customers)
).limit(10);

(select "name" from "sellers")
union
(select "name" from "customers")
limit $1

import { users, customers } from './schema'

const result = await db
  .select({ name: users.name })
  .from(users)
  .union(db.select({ name: customers.name }).from(customers))
  .limit(10);

(select "name" from "sellers")
union
(select "name" from "customers")
limit $1

import { integer, pgTable, text, varchar } from "drizzle-orm/pg-core";

const users = pgTable('sellers', {
    id: integer('id').primaryKey(),
    name: varchar('name', { length: 256 }).notNull(),
    address: text('address'),
});

const customers = pgTable('customers', {
    id: integer('id').primaryKey(),
    name: varchar('name', { length: 256 }).notNull(),
    city: text('city'),
    email: varchar('email', { length: 256 }).notNull()
});

import-pattern

builder-pattern

schema.ts

import { union } from 'drizzle-orm/mysql-core'
import { users, customers } from './schema'

const allNamesForUserQuery = db.select({ name: users.name }).from(users);

const result = await union(
	allNamesForUserQuery,
	db.select({ name: customers.name }).from(customers)
).limit(10);

(select `name` from `sellers`)
union
(select `name` from `customers`)
limit ?

import { users, customers } from './schema'

const result = await db
  .select({ name: users.name })
  .from(users)
  .union(db.select({ name: customers.name }).from(customers))
  .limit(10);

(select `name` from `sellers`)
union
(select `name` from `customers`)
limit ?

import { int, mysqlTable, text, varchar } from "drizzle-orm/mysql-core";

const users = mysqlTable('sellers', {
    id: int('id').primaryKey(),
    name: varchar('name', { length: 256 }).notNull(),
    address: text('address'),
});

const customers = mysqlTable('customers', {
    id: int('id').primaryKey(),
    name: varchar('name', { length: 256 }).notNull(),
    city: text('city'),
    email: varchar('email', { length: 256 }).notNull()
});

import-pattern

builder-pattern

schema.ts

import { union } from 'drizzle-orm/sqlite-core'
import { users, customers } from './schema'

const allNamesForUserQuery = db.select({ name: users.name }).from(users);

const result = await union(
	allNamesForUserQuery,
	db.select({ name: customers.name }).from(customers)
).limit(10);

(select "name" from "sellers")
union 
(select "name" from "customers")
limit ?

import { users, customers } from './schema'

const result = await db
  .select({ name: users.name })
  .from(users)
  .union(db.select({ name: customers.name }).from(customers))
  .limit(10);

select "name" from "sellers" union select "name" from "customers" limit ?

import { int, sqliteTable, text } from "drizzle-orm/sqlite-core";

const users = sqliteTable('sellers', {
    id: int('id').primaryKey(),
    name: text('name').notNull(),
    address: text('address'),
});

const customers = sqliteTable('customers', {
    id: int('id').primaryKey(),
    name: text('name').notNull(),
    city: text('city'),
    email: text('email').notNull()
});

并集所有（Union All）

将两个查询块的所有结果组合成单个结果，包括重复项。

考虑一个场景，你有两个表，一个表示在线销售，另一个表示门店销售。在这种情况下，你想把两个表的数据结合成一个结果集。由于可能会有重复的交易，你希望保留所有记录，而不消除重复项。

PostgreSQL

MySQL

SQLite

import-pattern

builder-pattern

schema.ts

import { unionAll } from 'drizzle-orm/pg-core'
import { onlineSales, inStoreSales } from './schema'

const onlineTransactions = db.select({ transaction: onlineSales.transactionId }).from(onlineSales);
const inStoreTransactions = db.select({ transaction: inStoreSales.transactionId }).from(inStoreSales);

const result = await unionAll(onlineTransactions, inStoreTransactions);

select "transaction_id" from "online_sales"
union all
select "transaction_id" from "in_store_sales"

import { onlineSales, inStoreSales } from './schema'

const result = await db
  .select({ transaction: onlineSales.transactionId })
  .from(onlineSales)
  .unionAll(
    db.select({ transaction: inStoreSales.transactionId }).from(inStoreSales)
  );

select "transaction_id" from "online_sales"
union all
select "transaction_id" from "in_store_sales"

import { integer, pgTable, text, timestamp, varchar } from "drizzle-orm/pg-core";

const onlineSales = pgTable('online_sales', {
    transactionId: integer('transaction_id').primaryKey(),
    productId: integer('product_id').unique(),
    quantitySold: integer('quantity_sold'),
    saleDate: timestamp('sale_date', { mode: 'date' }),
});

const inStoreSales = pgTable('in_store_sales', {
    transactionId: integer('transaction_id').primaryKey(),
    productId: integer('product_id').unique(),
    quantitySold: integer('quantity_sold'),
    saleDate: timestamp('sale_date', { mode: 'date' }),
});

import-pattern

builder-pattern

schema.ts

import { unionAll } from 'drizzle-orm/mysql-core'
import { onlineSales, inStoreSales } from './schema'

const onlineTransactions = db.select({ transaction: onlineSales.transactionId }).from(onlineSales);
const inStoreTransactions = db.select({ transaction: inStoreSales.transactionId }).from(inStoreSales);

const result = await unionAll(onlineTransactions, inStoreTransactions);

select `transaction_id` from `online_sales`
union all
select `transaction_id` from `in_store_sales`

import { onlineSales, inStoreSales } from './schema'

const result = await db
  .select({ transaction: onlineSales.transactionId })
  .from(onlineSales)
  .unionAll(
    db.select({ transaction: inStoreSales.transactionId }).from(inStoreSales)
  );

(select `transaction_id` from `online_sales`)
union all 
(select `transaction_id` from `in_store_sales`)

import { int, mysqlTable, text, timestamp, varchar } from "drizzle-orm/mysql-core";

const onlineSales = mysqlTable('online_sales', {
    transactionId: int('transaction_id').primaryKey(),
    productId: int('product_id').unique(),
    quantitySold: int('quantity_sold'),
    saleDate: timestamp('sale_date', { mode: 'date' }),
});

const inStoreSales = mysqlTable('in_store_sales', {
    transactionId: int('transaction_id').primaryKey(),
    productId: int('product_id').unique(),
    quantitySold: int('quantity_sold'),
    saleDate: timestamp('sale_date', { mode: 'date' }),
});

import-pattern

builder-pattern

schema.ts

import { unionAll } from 'drizzle-orm/sqlite-core'
import { onlineSales, inStoreSales } from './schema'

const onlineTransactions = db.select({ transaction: onlineSales.transactionId }).from(onlineSales);
const inStoreTransactions = db.select({ transaction: inStoreSales.transactionId }).from(inStoreSales);

const result = await unionAll(onlineTransactions, inStoreTransactions);

select "transaction_id" from "online_sales" 
union all 
select "transaction_id" from "in_store_sales"

import { onlineSales, inStoreSales } from './schema'

const result = await db
  .select({ transaction: onlineSales.transactionId })
  .from(onlineSales)
  .unionAll(
    db.select({ transaction: inStoreSales.transactionId }).from(inStoreSales)
  );

select "transaction_id" from "online_sales" 
union all 
select "transaction_id" from "in_store_sales"

import { int, sqliteTable } from "drizzle-orm/sqlite-core";

const onlineSales = sqliteTable('online_sales', {
    transactionId: int('transaction_id').primaryKey(),
    productId: int('product_id').unique(),
    quantitySold: int('quantity_sold'),
    saleDate: int('sale_date', { mode: 'timestamp' }),
});

const inStoreSales = sqliteTable('in_store_sales', {
    transactionId: int('transaction_id').primaryKey(),
    productId: int('product_id').unique(),
    quantitySold: int('quantity_sold'),
    saleDate: int('sale_date', { mode: 'timestamp' }),
});

交集（Intersect）

仅结合两个查询块的结果中共通的行，省略任何重复项。

假设你有两个表存储有关学生课程注册的信息。你想找到两个不同系间共同的课程，但你希望课程名是唯一的，并且不想计算同一个学生在同一课程下的多个注册。

在此场景中，你希望找到两个系间的共同课程，但不希望同一课程即使被同一系的多个学生注册也计数多次。

PostgreSQL

MySQL

SQLite

import-pattern

builder-pattern

schema.ts

import { intersect } from 'drizzle-orm/pg-core'
import { depA, depB } from './schema'

const departmentACourses = db.select({ courseName: depA.courseName }).from(depA);
const departmentBCourses = db.select({ courseName: depB.courseName }).from(depB);

const result = await intersect(departmentACourses, departmentBCourses);

select "course_name" from "department_a_courses"
intersect
select "course_name" from "department_b_courses"

import { depA, depB } from './schema'

const result = await db
  .select({ courseName: depA.courseName })
  .from(depA)
  .intersect(db.select({ courseName: depB.courseName }).from(depB));

select "course_name" from "department_a_courses"
intersect
select "course_name" from "department_b_courses"

import { integer, pgTable, varchar } from "drizzle-orm/pg-core";

const depA = pgTable('department_a_courses', {
    studentId: integer('student_id'),
    courseName: varchar('course_name').notNull(),
});

const depB = pgTable('department_b_courses', {
    studentId: integer('student_id'),
    courseName: varchar('course_name').notNull(),
});

import-pattern

builder-pattern

schema.ts

import { intersect } from 'drizzle-orm/mysql-core'
import { depA, depB } from './schema'

const departmentACourses = db.select({ courseName: depA.courseName }).from(depA);
const departmentBCourses = db.select({ courseName: depB.courseName }).from(depB);

const result = await intersect(departmentACourses, departmentBCourses);

select `projects_name` from `department_a_projects`
intersect
select `projects_name` from `department_b_projects`

import { depA, depB } from './schema'

const result = await db
  .select({ courseName: depA.courseName })
  .from(depA)
  .intersect(db.select({ courseName: depB.courseName }).from(depB));

select `projects_name` from `department_a_projects`
intersect
select `projects_name` from `department_b_projects`

import { int, mysqlTable, varchar } from "drizzle-orm/mysql-core";

const depA = mysqlTable('department_a_courses', {
    studentId: int('student_id'),
    courseName: varchar('course_name', { length: 256 }).notNull(),
});

const depB = pgTable('department_b_courses', {
    studentId: int('student_id'),
    courseName: varchar('course_name', { length: 256 }).notNull(),
});

import-pattern

builder-pattern

schema.ts

import { intersect } from 'drizzle-orm/sqlite-core'
import { depA, depB } from './schema'

const departmentACourses = db.select({ courseName: depA.courseName }).from(depA);
const departmentBCourses = db.select({ courseName: depB.courseName }).from(depB);

const result = await intersect(departmentACourses, departmentBCourses);

select "course_name" from "department_a_courses"
intersect
select "course_name" from "department_b_courses"

import { depA, depB } from './schema'

const result = await db
  .select({ courseName: depA.courseName })
  .from(depA)
  .intersect(db.select({ courseName: depB.courseName }).from(depB));

select "course_name" from "department_a_courses" 
intersect 
select "course_name" from "department_b_courses"

import { int, sqliteTable, text } from "drizzle-orm/sqlite-core";

const depA = sqliteTable('department_a_courses', {
    studentId: int('student_id'),
    courseName: text('course_name').notNull(),
});

const depB = sqliteTable('department_b_courses', {
    studentId: int('student_id'),
    courseName: text('course_name').notNull(),
});

交集所有（Intersect All）

仅结合两个查询块的结果中共通的行，包括重复项。

让我们考虑一个场景，你有两个表包含有关客户订单的数据，你想识别普通客户和 VIP 客户都订单的产品。在这种情况下，你想更好地跟踪每种产品的数量，即使不同客户多次下单。

在此场景中，你希望找到普通客户和 VIP 客户都下单的产品，但你希望保留数量信息，即使同一产品被不同的客户多次下单。

PostgreSQL

MySQL

import-pattern

builder-pattern

schema.ts

import { intersectAll } from 'drizzle-orm/pg-core'
import { regularCustomerOrders, vipCustomerOrders } from './schema'

const regularOrders = db.select({ 
    productId: regularCustomerOrders.productId,
    quantityOrdered: regularCustomerOrders.quantityOrdered }
).from(regularCustomerOrders);

const vipOrders = db.select({ 
    productId: vipCustomerOrders.productId,
    quantityOrdered: vipCustomerOrders.quantityOrdered }
).from(vipCustomerOrders);

const result = await intersectAll(regularOrders, vipOrders);

select "product_id", "quantity_ordered" from "regular_customer_orders"
intersect all
select "product_id", "quantity_ordered" from "vip_customer_orders"

import { regularCustomerOrders, vipCustomerOrders } from './schema'

const result = await db
    .select({
      productId: regularCustomerOrders.productId,
      quantityOrdered: regularCustomerOrders.quantityOrdered,
    })
    .from(regularCustomerOrders)
    .intersectAll(
      db
        .select({
          productId: vipCustomerOrders.productId,
          quantityOrdered: vipCustomerOrders.quantityOrdered,
        })
        .from(vipCustomerOrders)
    );

select "product_id", "quantity_ordered" from "regular_customer_orders"
intersect all
select "product_id", "quantity_ordered" from "vip_customer_orders"

import { integer, pgTable } from "drizzle-orm/pg-core";

const regularCustomerOrders = pgTable('regular_customer_orders', {
    customerId: integer('customer_id').primaryKey(),
    productId: integer('product_id').notNull(),
    quantityOrdered: integer('quantity_ordered').notNull(),
});

const vipCustomerOrders = pgTable('vip_customer_orders', {
    customerId: integer('customer_id').primaryKey(),
    productId: integer('product_id').notNull(),
    quantityOrdered: integer('quantity_ordered').notNull(),
});

import-pattern

builder-pattern

schema.ts

import { intersectAll } from 'drizzle-orm/mysql-core'
import { regularCustomerOrders, vipCustomerOrders } from './schema'

const regularOrders = db.select({ 
    productId: regularCustomerOrders.productId,
    quantityOrdered: regularCustomerOrders.quantityOrdered }
).from(regularCustomerOrders);

const vipOrders = db.select({ 
    productId: vipCustomerOrders.productId,
    quantityOrdered: vipCustomerOrders.quantityOrdered }
).from(vipCustomerOrders);

const result = await intersectAll(regularOrders, vipOrders);

select `product_id`, `quantity_ordered` from `regular_customer_orders`
intersect all
select `product_id`, `quantity_ordered` from `vip_customer_orders`

import { regularCustomerOrders, vipCustomerOrders } from './schema'

const result = await db
    .select({
      productId: regularCustomerOrders.productId,
      quantityOrdered: regularCustomerOrders.quantityOrdered,
    })
    .from(regularCustomerOrders)
    .intersectAll(
      db
        .select({
          productId: vipCustomerOrders.productId,
          quantityOrdered: vipCustomerOrders.quantityOrdered,
        })
        .from(vipCustomerOrders)
    );

select `product_id`, `quantity_ordered` from `regular_customer_orders`
intersect all
select `product_id`, `quantity_ordered` from `vip_customer_orders`

import { int, mysqlTable } from "drizzle-orm/mysql-core";

const regularCustomerOrders = mysqlTable('regular_customer_orders', {
    customerId: int('customer_id').primaryKey(),
    productId: int('product_id').notNull(),
    quantityOrdered: int('quantity_ordered').notNull(),
});

const vipCustomerOrders = mysqlTable('vip_customer_orders', {
    customerId: int('customer_id').primaryKey(),
    productId: int('product_id').notNull(),
    quantityOrdered: int('quantity_ordered').notNull(),
});

差集（Except）

对于两个查询块 A 和 B，返回不在 B 中的 A 的所有结果，省略任何重复项。

假设你有两个表存储有关员工项目分配的信息。你想找到唯一属于一个部门并且不与另一个部门共享的项目，排除重复项。

在此场景中，你想识别唯一属于一个部门而不与另一个部门共享的项目。你不希望同一项目计数多次，即使同一部门的多个员工都被分配给该项目。

PostgreSQL

MySQL

SQLite

import-pattern

builder-pattern

schema.ts

import { except } from 'drizzle-orm/pg-core'
import { depA, depB } from './schema'

const departmentACourses = db.select({ courseName: depA.projectsName }).from(depA);
const departmentBCourses = db.select({ courseName: depB.projectsName }).from(depB);

const result = await except(departmentACourses, departmentBCourses);

select "projects_name" from "department_a_projects"
except
select "projects_name" from "department_b_projects"

import { depA, depB } from './schema'

const result = await db
    .select({ courseName: depA.projectsName })
    .from(depA)
    .except(db.select({ courseName: depB.projectsName }).from(depB));

select "projects_name" from "department_a_projects"
except
select "projects_name" from "department_b_projects"

import { integer, pgTable, varchar } from "drizzle-orm/pg-core";

const depA = pgTable('department_a_projects', {
    employeeId: integer('employee_id'),
    projectsName: varchar('projects_name').notNull(),
});

const depB = pgTable('department_b_projects', {
    employeeId: integer('employee_id'),
    projectsName: varchar('projects_name').notNull(),
});

import-pattern

builder-pattern

schema.ts

import { except } from 'drizzle-orm/mysql-core'
import { depA, depB } from './schema'

const departmentACourses = db.select({ courseName: depA.projectsName }).from(depA);
const departmentBCourses = db.select({ courseName: depB.projectsName }).from(depB);

const result = await except(departmentACourses, departmentBCourses);

select `projects_name` from `department_a_projects`
except
select `projects_name` from `department_b_projects`

import { depA, depB } from './schema'

const result = await db
    .select({ courseName: depA.projectsName })
    .from(depA)
    .except(db.select({ courseName: depB.projectsName }).from(depB));

select `projects_name` from `department_a_projects`
except
select `projects_name` from `department_b_projects`

import { int, mysqlTable, varchar } from "drizzle-orm/mysql-core";

const depA = mysqlTable('department_a_projects', {
    employeeId: int('employee_id'),
    projectsName: varchar('projects_name', { length: 256 }).notNull(),
});

const depB = mysqlTable('department_b_projects', {
    employeeId: int('employee_id'),
    projectsName: varchar('projects_name', { length: 256 }).notNull(),
});

import-pattern

builder-pattern

schema.ts

import { except } from 'drizzle-orm/sqlite-core'
import { depA, depB } from './schema'

const departmentACourses = db.select({ courseName: depA.projectsName }).from(depA);
const departmentBCourses = db.select({ courseName: depB.projectsName }).from(depB);

const result = await except(departmentACourses, departmentBCourses);

select "projects_name" from "department_a_projects" 
except 
select "projects_name" from "department_b_projects"

import { depA, depB } from './schema'

const result = await db
    .select({ courseName: depA.projectsName })
    .from(depA)
    .except(db.select({ courseName: depB.projectsName }).from(depB));

select "projects_name" from "department_a_projects" 
except 
select "projects_name" from "department_b_projects"

import { int, sqliteTable, text } from "drizzle-orm/sqlite-core";

const depA = sqliteTable('department_a_projects', {
    employeeId: int('employee_id'),
    projectsName: text('projects_name').notNull(),
});

const depB = sqliteTable('department_b_projects', {
    employeeId: int('employee_id'),
    projectsName: text('projects_name').notNull(),
});

差集所有（Except All）

对于两个查询块 A 和 B，返回不在 B 中的 A 的所有结果，包括重复项。

让我们考虑一个场景，你有两个表包含有关客户订单的数据，你想识别仅普通客户（没有 VIP 客户）下单的产品。在这种情况下，你希望保留每种产品的数量信息，即使不同的普通客户多次下单。

在此场景中，你希望找到仅由普通客户下单的产品，并且不由 VIP 客户下单。你希望保留数量信息，即使同一产品被不同的普通客户多次下单。

PostgreSQL

MySQL

import-pattern

builder-pattern

schema.ts

import { exceptAll } from 'drizzle-orm/pg-core'
import { regularCustomerOrders, vipCustomerOrders } from './schema'

const regularOrders = db.select({ 
    productId: regularCustomerOrders.productId,
    quantityOrdered: regularCustomerOrders.quantityOrdered }
).from(regularCustomerOrders);

const vipOrders = db.select({ 
    productId: vipCustomerOrders.productId,
    quantityOrdered: vipCustomerOrders.quantityOrdered }
).from(vipCustomerOrders);

const result = await exceptAll(regularOrders, vipOrders);

select "product_id", "quantity_ordered" from "regular_customer_orders"
except all
select "product_id", "quantity_ordered" from "vip_customer_orders"

import { regularCustomerOrders, vipCustomerOrders } from './schema'

const result = await db
    .select({
      productId: regularCustomerOrders.productId,
      quantityOrdered: regularCustomerOrders.quantityOrdered,
    })
    .from(regularCustomerOrders)
    .exceptAll(
      db
        .select({
          productId: vipCustomerOrders.productId,
          quantityOrdered: vipCustomerOrders.quantityOrdered,
        })
        .from(vipCustomerOrders)
    );

select "product_id", "quantity_ordered" from "regular_customer_orders"
except all
select "product_id", "quantity_ordered" from "vip_customer_orders"

import { integer, pgTable } from "drizzle-orm/pg-core";

const regularCustomerOrders = pgTable('regular_customer_orders', {
    customerId: integer('customer_id').primaryKey(),
    productId: integer('product_id').notNull(),
    quantityOrdered: integer('quantity_ordered').notNull(),
});

const vipCustomerOrders = pgTable('vip_customer_orders', {
    customerId: integer('customer_id').primaryKey(),
    productId: integer('product_id').notNull(),
    quantityOrdered: integer('quantity_ordered').notNull(),
});

import-pattern

builder-pattern

schema.ts

import { exceptAll } from 'drizzle-orm/mysql-core'
import { regularCustomerOrders, vipCustomerOrders } from './schema'

const regularOrders = db.select({ 
    productId: regularCustomerOrders.productId,
    quantityOrdered: regularCustomerOrders.quantityOrdered }
).from(regularCustomerOrders);

const vipOrders = db.select({ 
    productId: vipCustomerOrders.productId,
    quantityOrdered: vipCustomerOrders.quantityOrdered }
).from(vipCustomerOrders);

const result = await exceptAll(regularOrders, vipOrders);

select `product_id`, `quantity_ordered` from `regular_customer_orders`
except all
select `product_id`, `quantity_ordered` from `vip_customer_orders`

import { regularCustomerOrders, vipCustomerOrders } from './schema'

const result = await db
    .select({
      productId: regularCustomerOrders.productId,
      quantityOrdered: regularCustomerOrders.quantityOrdered,
    })
    .from(regularCustomerOrders)
    .exceptAll(
      db
        .select({
          productId: vipCustomerOrders.productId,
          quantityOrdered: vipCustomerOrders.quantityOrdered,
        })
        .from(vipCustomerOrders)
    );

select `product_id`, `quantity_ordered` from `regular_customer_orders`
except all
select `product_id`, `quantity_ordered` from `vip_customer_orders`

const regularCustomerOrders = mysqlTable('regular_customer_orders', {
    customerId: int('customer_id').primaryKey(),
    productId: int('product_id').notNull(),
    quantityOrdered: int('quantity_ordered').notNull(),
});

const vipCustomerOrders = mysqlTable('vip_customer_orders', {
    customerId: int('customer_id').primaryKey(),
    productId: int('product_id').notNull(),
    quantityOrdered: int('quantity_ordered').notNull(),
});